{"id":1088,"date":"2022-07-21T08:42:12","date_gmt":"2022-07-21T07:42:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/?page_id=1088"},"modified":"2023-03-08T10:03:00","modified_gmt":"2023-03-08T10:03:00","slug":"about-timber-in-construction","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/?page_id=1088","title":{"rendered":"About timber in construction"},"content":{"rendered":"\n[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Hero&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; use_background_color_gradient=&#8221;on&#8221; background_color_gradient_type=&#8221;circular&#8221; background_color_gradient_direction_radial=&#8221;top left&#8221; background_color_gradient_stops=&#8221;rgba(40,40,40,0.79) 0%|rgba(40,40,40,0.86) 100%&#8221; background_color_gradient_overlays_image=&#8221;on&#8221; background_color_gradient_start=&#8221;rgba(40,40,40,0.79)&#8221; background_color_gradient_end=&#8221;rgba(40,40,40,0.86)&#8221; background_image=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Mactan-Cebu-International-Airport-Terminal-2_-Cebu-City_-Philippines_c-IDA-smallest-1024&#215;335-2.webp&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0vw||0vw||true|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;2_3,1_3&#8243; module_id=&#8221;home1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;2_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Roboto Condensed||||||||&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;54px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;54px&#8221; header_font=&#8221;Rubik|700|||||||&#8221; header_font_size=&#8221;64px&#8221; header_line_height=&#8221;1.1em&#8221; background_enable_color=&#8221;off&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; max_width=&#8221;800px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px|&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;|||16px&#8221; sticky_position=&#8221;top&#8221; header_font_size_tablet=&#8221;44px&#8221; header_font_size_phone=&#8221;32px&#8221; header_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; border_color_all=&#8221;#ffb400&#8243; border_width_left=&#8221;10px&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; text_font_size__sticky=&#8221;35px&#8221; text_font_size__sticky_enabled=&#8221;on|sticky&#8221; background_enable_color__sticky=&#8221;on&#8221; background__sticky_enabled=&#8221;on|sticky&#8221; background_color__sticky=&#8221;#000000&#8243;]<p>About timber in construction<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||2px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;24px|0px|0px|0px|false|true&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<span style=\"color: #ffffff;\">This section covers the main types of timber construction, building occupancy and wood-based materials.\n\n<\/span>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; background_color=&#8221;#E09900&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;8px|16px|8px|16px|true|true&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|14px|14px|14px|14px&#8221; border_width_all=&#8221;2px&#8221; border_color_all=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#800080&#8243; text_line_height=&#8221;1em&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px|0px|true|false&#8221; sticky_position=&#8221;top&#8221; motion_trigger_start=&#8221;bottom&#8221; border_radii=&#8221;on|32px|32px|32px|32px&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; background_color__sticky=&#8221;#5e5e5e&#8221; background_enable_color__sticky=&#8221;on&#8221; custom_margin__sticky_enabled=&#8221;on|sticky&#8221; custom_margin__sticky=&#8221;0px||0px|0px|true|false&#8221; text_font_size__sticky_enabled=&#8221;on|sticky&#8221; text_font_size__sticky=&#8221;20px&#8221; text_text_color__sticky_enabled=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; text_text_color__sticky=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; custom_padding__sticky_enabled=&#8221;on|sticky&#8221; custom_padding__sticky=&#8221;15px||15px|0px|true|false&#8221; background__sticky_enabled=&#8221;on|sticky&#8221; border_width_all__hover_enabled=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; border_width_all__sticky=&#8221;3px&#8221; border_width_all__sticky_enabled=&#8221;on|sticky&#8221; border_color_all__sticky=&#8221;#e09900&#8243; border_color_all__sticky_enabled=&#8221;on|sticky&#8221;]<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #e09900;\"><a href=\"\/about-timber-in-construction\/#home1\" style=\"color: #e09900;\">Return to the top<\/a><\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>To search all text on this page<\/p>\n<p>On Windows &#8211; Press Ctl+F<\/p>\n<p>On Mac &#8211; Command+F<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_code _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_orientation=&#8221;left&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_css_before=&#8221;color:#000000;&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;color:#000000;&#8221; custom_css_after=&#8221;color:#000000;&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]PDF page for printing <div class=\"printfriendly pf-button  pf-alignleft\">\n                    <a href=\"https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/?page_id=1088&#038;pfstyle=wp\" rel=\"nofollow\" onclick=\"\" title=\"Printer Friendly, PDF & Email\">\n                    <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/07\/PDF-Icon.png\" alt=\"Print Friendly, PDF & Email\" class=\"pf-button-img\" style=\"width: 50px;height: 50px;\"  \/><span id=\"printfriendly-text2\" class=\"pf-button-text\"><\/span>\n                    <\/a>\n                <\/div>[\/et_pb_code][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Project Details&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;-13px|||||&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;25px||25px||true|&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#E09900&#8243; divider_weight=&#8221;13px&#8221; module_id=&#8221;home1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; max_width=&#8221;10%&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px|0px|0px|0px|false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_4_font_size=&#8221;21px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px|10px|0px|10px|false|true&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a href=\"\/about-timber-in-construction\/#chapter1\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Types of structure<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Platform frame construction<\/li>\n<li>Post and beam<\/li>\n<li>Hybrid<\/li>\n<\/ul>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_4_font_size=&#8221;21px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px|10px|0px|10px|false|true&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<h4><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a href=\"\/about-timber-in-construction\/#chapter4\" style=\"color: #000000;\">Wood-based materials and their uses<\/a><\/span><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Glued laminated timber (glulam)<\/li>\n<li>Cross-laminated timber (CLT)<\/li>\n<li>LVL<\/li>\n<li>Plywood<\/li>\n<li>Design charring rates<\/li>\n<\/ul>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_4_font_size=&#8221;21px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px|10px|0px|10px|false|true&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<h4><a href=\"\/about-timber-in-construction\/#chapter2\"><span style=\"color: #f39e3e;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Manufacturing methods<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Panelised construction<\/li>\n<li>Volumetric timber frame<\/li>\n<\/ul>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.0&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;7px|||||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;0px||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#E09900&#8243; divider_weight=&#8221;13px&#8221; module_id=&#8221;chapter1&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; max_width=&#8221;10%&#8221; max_width_tablet=&#8221;13%&#8221; max_width_phone=&#8221;25%&#8221; max_width_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Roboto Condensed||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;37px&#8221; header_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px||||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Types of structure<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||21px|||&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Timber building structures can be categorised by the stability solution adopted.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Roboto Condensed||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;21px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;40px&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;Rubik|700|||||||&#8221; header_2_font_size=&#8221;42px&#8221; header_2_line_height=&#8221;1.2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||2px||false|false&#8221; header_2_font_size_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; header_2_font_size_phone=&#8221;36px&#8221; header_2_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Platform frame construction<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>The term derives from the method of construction that uses \ufb02oor structures stacked on load-bearing wall panels, creating a \u2018platform\u2019 for construction of the next level of wall panels for multi-storey timber structures. Timber frame structures are generally used for low- and medium-rise residential buildings, with CLT used for higher-rise domestic and low-rise non-residential structures.<\/p>\n<p>The external and party walls and room partitions form the vertical and horizontal load paths, making it particularly suited to buildings with regular repeating wall arrangements such as housing, apartments, hotels or student accommodation.<\/p>\n<p>Vertical actions from walls, \ufb02oors and roofs are supported by timber wall panels of vertical studs at regular centres or by mass timber wall panels. Timber stud walls generally make efficient use of the volume of timber, but will also have a lower load-bearing capacity and robustness compared to solid mass walls, such as CLT or LVL walls.<\/p>\n<p>Resistance to horizontal actions is provided by the in-plane shear (or racking) resistance of sheathed wall panels or mass timber shear walls connected to act as contiguous wall diaphragms.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.0&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/new-1-reduced.webp&#8221; title_text=&#8221;new 1 reduced&#8221; force_fullwidth=&#8221;on&#8221; align_tablet=&#8221;center&#8221; align_phone=&#8221;center&#8221; align_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;14px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Platform frame construction<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.19.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;12px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Photo: copyright Stewart Milne<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Figur-1.1a-platform-construction.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Figur 1.1a platform construction&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;14px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Figure 1: Illustration showing platform frame construction<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;12px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>(Source: TRADA: Structural Timber Elements<span style=\"background-color: #ffffff; font-size: 14px;\">)<\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Figur-1.1b-platform-construction.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Figur 1.1b platform construction&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;14px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Figure 2: Illustration showing platform frame construction<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;12px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>(Source: STA: Timber Engineering Bulletin 3)<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Roboto Condensed||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;21px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;40px&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;Rubik|700|||||||&#8221; header_2_font_size=&#8221;42px&#8221; header_2_line_height=&#8221;1.2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||2px||false|false&#8221; header_2_font_size_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; header_2_font_size_phone=&#8221;36px&#8221; header_2_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Post and beam<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>The vertical load from floors and roofs is taken into beams that are supported on columns. Building stability is typically provided by a timber floor acting as a diaphragm to spread the horizontal loads experienced by the building into the vertical stability elements. Such vertical stability elements can consist of timber walls, braced bays or concrete cores. Moment-resisting frames in timber are possible, but rare in construction.<\/p>\n<p>The post and beam method is well-suited to open plan layouts such as offices and recreational buildings, where particular attention should be paid to robustness and disproportionate collapse, as the uses of the buildings often come within critical consequence classes.<\/p>\n<p>The beams and columns are normally formed using engineered wood products, such as glulam or LVL.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Post-and-beam.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Post and beam&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;12px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Photo: copyright Stora Enso<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Figur-1.2a-Typical-post-and-beam-construction.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Figur 1.2a Typical post and beam construction&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;14px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Figure 3: Illustration of typical post and beam construction<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;12px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>(Source: TRADA: Timber Frame Construction 5th Edition)<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Figur-1.2b-Typical-post-and-beam-construction-TRADA.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Figur 1.2b Typical post and beam construction TRADA&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;14px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Figure 4: Illustration of typical post and beam construction<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;12px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>(Source: TRADA: Structural Timber Elements)<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;9px|||||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Roboto Condensed||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;21px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;40px&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;Rubik|700|||||||&#8221; header_2_font_size=&#8221;42px&#8221; header_2_line_height=&#8221;1.2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||2px||false|false&#8221; header_2_font_size_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; header_2_font_size_phone=&#8221;36px&#8221; header_2_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Hybrid<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]A combination of load-bearing wall and post and beam construction to maximise the benefits of each technique.  Load-bearing walls are often used to provide stability in one orthogonal direction, while braced post and beam or moment frames can provide the stability in the other orthogonal direction, depending on the plan layout.\n\nThe term hybrid construction also refers to the use and combination of multiple materials in the construction of a structure. It is common to see timber load-bearing components in a building with a reinforced concrete core or podium, or a steel frame with timber or CLT floors. There are also a number of composite timber solutions, such as timber and concrete floors of steel\/timber elements.  [\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/New-Panel-v2.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;New Panel v2&#8243; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;14px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Figure 5: Illustration of typical hybrid construction<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;12px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>(Source: TRADA: Structural Timber Elements)<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/new-2-reduced.webp&#8221; title_text=&#8221;new 2 reduced&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.19.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;14px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Hybrid steel and CLT.\u00a0<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.19.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;12px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Photos: copyright Waugh Thistleton architects.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/new-3-reduced.webp&#8221; title_text=&#8221;new 3 reduced&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;9px|||||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.16&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; custom_padding__hover=&#8221;|||&#8221;][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#E09900&#8243; divider_weight=&#8221;13px&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Wood-based&#8221; module_id=&#8221;chapter4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; max_width=&#8221;10%&#8221; max_width_tablet=&#8221;13%&#8221; max_width_phone=&#8221;25%&#8221; max_width_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;Roboto Condensed||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;37px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;1em&#8221; header_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px||||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Wood-based materials and their uses<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>There are many types of wood-based materials used in construction as well as in other sectors like furniture, transport and packaging &#8211; from solid wood studs and posts and beams to composite wood products combining materials using nails or other connectors, or where wood shavings or pulp are combined with additives and glues to form new wood-based materials. In some countries wood used in structural products is referred to as timber. In the UK the term timber product or structural timber is most common. Structural timber can be broadly divided into softwood and hardwood. Softwoods come from coniferous (C designation) or evergreen trees, while hardwoods come from deciduous (D designation) or broadleaf trees.<\/p>\n<p>Traditionally, the size of structural timber members was limited by the size of the parent tree. Typically, the largest sawn timber elements currently available have a cross-sectional dimension up to 0.30 m and a length up to 6.0 m. During the processing of trees into timber, strength-reducing features (most commonly knots and slope of grain) are identified that determine the type of timber product they are suitable for.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; disabled_on=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Figure-1.8-The-division-of-round-wood-into-structural-timber-elements.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Figure 1.8 The division of round wood into structural timber elements&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;14px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Figure 6: The division of round wood into structural timber elements<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Longer lengths can be produced by finger-jointing.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Figure-1.8-Finger-jointed-sawn-timber-elements-e1673453515691.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Figure 1.8 Finger-jointed sawn timber elements&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;14px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Figure 7: Finger-jointed sawn timber elements<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;12px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p style=\"text-align: left;\">(Source: STA: Timber Engineering Bulletin 3)<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>However, with modern structural adhesives and manufacturing processes, the size of structural timber elements is limited by what can be easily manufactured and transported; cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels are now available up to 500 mm thick by 3.5 m wide by 16.5 m long.<\/p>\n<p>Processed timber elements are known collectively as \u2018engineered wood products\u2019 (EWPs) &#8211; a family of products rather than one specific material, <em>see Figure 8<\/em>.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Figure-1.9-Family-of-timber-products-e1658503990241.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Figure 1.9 Family of timber products&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;14px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Figure 8: Family of timber products<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;12px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>(Source: TRADA Structural Timber Elements)<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||-3px|||&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||18px|||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>During the processing of trees into timber, strength-reducing features (most commonly knots and slope of grain) are identified that determine the type of timber products they are suitable for. To determine the strength of timber, and its potential uses, the timber is graded into different groups with similar structural properties, often referred to as \u2018strength-grading\u2019. This can be done visually or using machines using rules described in a number of standards (EN14081, BS5756 and BS4987). Strength grades for softwood range from C14 to C50 and hardwood from D18 to D70. Timber used in trussed rafters is designated in TR classes (most commonly TR26).<\/p>\n<p>In the UK the most commonly used species are pine, spruce and larch in strength classes C16 and C24.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/woodcampus.co.uk\/strength-and-span-tables\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #000000; text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Click here<\/em><\/span><\/span><\/a> for more information on strength-grading.<\/span><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Structural timber will generally be from trees that have been managed throughout the growing period to minimise knots and slope of grain. Engineered wood products can utilise trees, or the parts of trees, that have more of these imperfections, by cutting them out and re-jointing or laminating lower grades of timber together to make stronger, more homogeneous elements. Innovation in manufacturing and gluing technologies optimise the use of all material generated by trees.<\/p>\n<p>Engineered wood products are differentiated by their manufacturing process, the load-bearing capacity of the products, and their applications. Heavy load-bearing applications will require timber products like Glulam or LVL, whereas roofs and floor joists in domestic applications will often use I-beams or open-web joists. An overview of the main features of each commonly-used product in the UK (and elsewhere) is shown below.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Roboto Condensed||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;21px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;40px&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;Rubik|700|||||||&#8221; header_2_font_size=&#8221;42px&#8221; header_2_line_height=&#8221;1.2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||2px||false|false&#8221; header_2_font_size_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; header_2_font_size_phone=&#8221;36px&#8221; header_2_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Glued laminated timber (glulam)<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>A structural member made by gluing together a number of graded timber laminations with their grain parallel to the longitudinal axis of the section. Members can be straight or curved, horizontally or vertically laminated, and can be used to create a variety of structural forms (columns, large-span beams, floors and roofs).<\/p>\n<p>Laminations are typically 25 mm or 45 mm thick. Most commonly, glulam is made from 40 mm thick layers. In tightly curved or vertically laminated sections smaller laminations can be used. The requirements for glulam manufacture are contained in product standard BS EN 14080.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Figure-1.10-Illustration-of-Glued-Laminated-Timber-Glulam.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Figure 1.10 Illustration of Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam)&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;14px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p style=\"text-align: left; padding-left: 80px;\">Figure 9: Illustration of Glued Laminated Timber (Glulam)<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;12px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p style=\"text-align: left; padding-left: 80px;\">(Source: STA Timber Engineering Bulletin 2)<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Roboto Condensed||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;21px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;40px&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;Rubik|700|||||||&#8221; header_2_font_size=&#8221;42px&#8221; header_2_line_height=&#8221;1.2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||2px||false|false&#8221; header_2_font_size_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; header_2_font_size_phone=&#8221;36px&#8221; header_2_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Cross-laminated timber (CLT)<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243;]<p>A product used in high load-bearing applications with a minimum of three cross-bonded layers of timber, each layer having a thickness between 6 mm and 45 mm. Laminations or lamellas are strength-graded to BS EN 14081-1 and glued together in a press that applies pressure over the entire surface area of the panel.<\/p>\n<p>CLT panels typically have an odd number of layers (3,5,7,9), which may be of differing thicknesses but are arranged symmetrically around the middle layer with adjacent layers having their grain direction at right angles to one another.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Adhesives<\/strong><br \/>Fire design of glued timber elements has to consider the type of adhesive used. This is especially true for cross-laminated timber (CLT), which may show falling off of charring layers (\u201cdelamination\u201d) at fire exposure. Heat-resistant adhesives (i.e. without delamination) are mainly phenolic and amino-plastic adhesives, but some polyurethane adhesives are also now available. The fire performance of a specific adhesive depends on the chemical composition rather than the group of adhesives it belongs to. Since not all producers of CLT use heat-resistant adhesives, it is important to verify that the material is produced with heat-resistant adhesive if required.<\/p>\n<p>The requirements for CLT manufacture are contained in product standard BS EN 16351 (not yet harmonised).<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Figure-1.11-Illustration-of-Cross-laminated-timber-CLT.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Figure 1.11 Illustration of Cross-laminated timber (CLT)&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;14px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Figure 10: Illustration of Cross-laminated timber (CLT)<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;12px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>(Source: STA Timber Engineering Bulletin 2)<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;11px|||||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Roboto Condensed||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;21px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;40px&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;Rubik|700|||||||&#8221; header_2_font_size=&#8221;42px&#8221; header_2_line_height=&#8221;1.2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||2px||false|false&#8221; header_2_font_size_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; header_2_font_size_phone=&#8221;36px&#8221; header_2_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]This is a structural member manufactured by bonding thin vertical softwood veneers with their grain parallel to the longitudinal axis of the section, under heat and pressure. To improve dimensional stability and structural properties, cross-grain veneers can be incorporated perpendicular to the grain in the plane of the panel.\n\nLVL is often used for high load applications to resist either \ufb02exural or axial loads, or a combination of both. It is available both as panels and beam\/column elements.\n\nThe requirements for LVL are contained in product standard BS EN 14374.\n\nA number of engineered wood products are available for applications in domestic and smaller-scale projects.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Figure-1.12-Illustration-of-laminated-veneer-lumber-LVL.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Figure 1.12 Illustration of laminated veneer lumber (LVL)&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;14px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">Figure 11: Illustration of laminated veneer lumber (LVL)<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;12px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">(Source: STA Timber Engineering Bulletin 2)<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Roboto Condensed||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;21px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;40px&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;Rubik|700|||||||&#8221; header_2_font_size=&#8221;42px&#8221; header_2_line_height=&#8221;1.2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||2px||false|false&#8221; header_2_font_size_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; header_2_font_size_phone=&#8221;36px&#8221; header_2_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]Plywood[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]The \ufb01rst type of EWP to be widely available, plywood is a \ufb02at panel made by bonding a number of thin layers of veneers (or plies) under pressure. Its structural properties and strength depend mainly on the number, thickness, species and orientation of the plies.\n\nIt is typically used for roof and \ufb02oor decking applications and for wall sheathing boards and is generally employed in lighter load-bearing applications or as a bracing\/stiffening product.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Roboto Condensed||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;21px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;40px&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;Rubik|700|||||||&#8221; header_2_font_size=&#8221;42px&#8221; header_2_line_height=&#8221;1.2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||2px||false|false&#8221; header_2_font_size_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; header_2_font_size_phone=&#8221;36px&#8221; header_2_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]Oriented strand board (OSB)[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]OSB is a multilayer board made from strands of wood sliced from small diameter timber logs and bonded under heat and pressure with an exterior grade adhesive. It is manufactured in various grades of resistance to the effects of moisture. The minimum grade for structural applications is OSB\/3 as given in BS EN 300.  OSB is commonly used as a structural sub-deck material for \ufb02oors and roofs, and as a sheathing material for walls. It is also used for composite constructions such as I-joist webs and structural insulated panels (SIPs).[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;8px|||||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Roboto Condensed||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;21px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;40px&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;Rubik|700|||||||&#8221; header_2_font_size=&#8221;42px&#8221; header_2_line_height=&#8221;1.2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||2px||false|false&#8221; header_2_font_size_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; header_2_font_size_phone=&#8221;36px&#8221; header_2_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Particleboards and fibre composites<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]There are several board materials made from particle and \ufb01bre composites, including \ufb01breboards, tempered hardboard, cement-bonded particleboard and wood chipboard. The most common for structural applications is chipboard, which is made from small particles of wood and binder. \n\nChipboards are classi\ufb01ed as grades P1-P7 in BS EN 312 depending on their intended use. The minimum grade that should be used for structural applications is P5, a moisture-resistant grade.\n\nThe characteristic strength and stiffness values for OSB, particleboards and \ufb01breboards for use in structural design are contained in BS EN 12369-1.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Roboto Condensed||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;21px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;40px&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;Rubik|700|||||||&#8221; header_2_font_size=&#8221;42px&#8221; header_2_line_height=&#8221;1.2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||2px||false|false&#8221; header_2_font_size_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; header_2_font_size_phone=&#8221;36px&#8221; header_2_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]I-joists[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>An EWP manufactured with \ufb02anges made from softwood or LVL with glued thin webs, generally made from OSB, \ufb01breboard or plywood.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Figure-1.13-Illustration-of-I-joists.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Figure 1.13 Illustration of I-joists&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;14px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">Figure 12: Illustration of I-joists<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;12px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\">(Source: STA Timber Engineering Bulletin 2)<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Roboto Condensed||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;21px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;40px&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;Rubik|700|||||||&#8221; header_2_font_size=&#8221;42px&#8221; header_2_line_height=&#8221;1.2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||2px||false|false&#8221; header_2_font_size_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; header_2_font_size_phone=&#8221;36px&#8221; header_2_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]Open web joists[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>These are shallow parallel-chord trusses manufactured with \ufb02anges (or chords), usually made from softwood, with metal or timber strutting to form the webs (<em>see figure 13<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>The chords (and webs where timber webs are used) are generally planed softwood graded in accordance with BS EN 14081-1. The strength class of the timber is usually C27 in accordance with BS EN 338:2009 or TR26. The depth of the chords is generally 47 mm and their widths range from 72 mm to 145 mm. Metal webs are typically pro\ufb01led, using nominal 1mm galvanised light gauge steel with a zinc coating speci\ufb01cation of Z275.<\/p>\n<p>Open web joists are principally used as a roof or \ufb02oor joist element. They are preferred to I-joists in highly serviced buildings since they offer a combined services and structural zone.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Figure-1.13-Illustration-of-open-web-joist.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Figure 1.13 Illustration of open web joist&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;14px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Figure 13: Illustration of open web joist<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;12px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>(Source: STA Timber Engineering Bulletin 2)<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;19px|||||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_divider color=&#8221;#E09900&#8243; divider_weight=&#8221;13px&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Manu Methods&#8221; module_id=&#8221;chapter2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; max_width=&#8221;10%&#8221; max_width_tablet=&#8221;13%&#8221; max_width_phone=&#8221;25%&#8221; max_width_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_divider][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.19.5&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Roboto Condensed||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;37px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;0.9em&#8221; header_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px||||false|false&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Manufacturing methods<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Wood construction in Europe and the UK has a long and enduring history. The oldest timber building in the UK, still in use today, has been dated (by dendrochronology) as having been built between 1277 and 1297. Timber construction techniques have adapted and changed over the years, with many innovations and technological advances.<\/p>\n<p>The construction technique of \u2018timber frame\u2019 has been popular for centuries. The modern type was introduced to the UK from Sweden in the 1920s. In the late 1930s the first trials of timber frame were in Scotland where the timber could be readily sourced and construction could be progressed quickly in potentially adverse weather conditions. It is believed that by 1940 over 3,000 homes had been built in timber frame throughout the UK. World War II delayed the further spread of timber frame. In 1963 the Canadian timber frame house practices were introduced to the UK and up to 1973 these were adapted and calibrated to UK practice and environment.<\/p>\n<p>Throughout the 1990s organisations such as BRE were active developing best practice guides to support the timber frame industry. This was further supported by the TF2000 project, which started in 1996, where timber frame type construction was to show its suitability for medium-rise construction and pave the way for the industry to build on the achievements of the past decade and further expand into new, previously untapped markets.<\/p>\n<p>Building practices in timber are flexible mainly due to the variety of timber building elements, from timber studs in varying sizes and strengths to joists and glued elements. A large range is available from a variety of sources, from building merchants to specialist suppliers. The construction process can take many forms, from elemental construction, where single timber and other materials are assembled on site, to complete off-site manufactured solutions and varying degrees of finishing in between. Some of the most common techniques are summarised below.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/new-image-4-1.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;new image 4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/new-image-2.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;new image 2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;11px|||||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Roboto Condensed||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;21px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;40px&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;Rubik|700|||||||&#8221; header_2_font_size=&#8221;42px&#8221; header_2_line_height=&#8221;1.2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||2px||false|false&#8221; header_2_font_size_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; header_2_font_size_phone=&#8221;36px&#8221; header_2_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Panelised construction<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]Timber is lightweight and easily transported, making it well-suited for offsite manufacture and modern methods of construction (MMC).\n\nFloor, wall and roof panels constructed off-site are erected on-site. Small, lightweight panels may be erected manually, but it is more common for panels to be lifted into position by crane.  The wall and floor panels may be built from studs and joists respectively or from mass timber (CLT) elements. Different forms of panelised construction are recognised and classified according to the degree of finishing to the structural elements off-site.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_3,1_3,1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/new-image-6.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;new image 6&#8243; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/new-image-4-1.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;new image 4&#8243; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_3&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/new-image-5-1.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;new image 5&#8243; align=&#8221;center&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p><strong>Open panel<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Timber frame wall panels of studs and rails, with sheathing on one face and a breather membrane.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/new-image-8.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;new image 8&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;12px|||||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p><strong>Pre-insulated panel<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As open panels but with insulation between the wall studs.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/new-image-9-1024&#215;683.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;new image 9&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p><strong>Closed panel<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Timber frame wall panels of studs, rails and insulation with sheathings and\/or linings on the faces of the panel.\u00a0 There is a vapour barrier on the warm side of the insulation and a breather membrane on the outer face of the panel. Closed panels may also include \ufb01tted windows and internal service zone battens.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/new-image-10.jpg&#8221; title_text=&#8221;new image 10&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px|||||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p><strong>SIPs<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Structural insulated panels (SIPs) are composite members that use a core of rigid insulation between plywood or OSB face layers, not only to provide insulation for a building\u2019s thermal envelope, but also to form a composite structural panel to resist in-plane and out-of-plane forces.<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.19.5&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p><strong>Cross-laminated timber (CLT)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The characteristic feature of structural components in CLT \u2013 for walls and floors \u2013 is their size. Large cross-sectional areas ensure that CLT components have a high load-bearing capacity and stiffness, making them suitable for stabilising the building. The panels are available with a high degree of prefabrication, and their low weight brings benefits in terms of groundwork, transport and assembly.<\/p>\n<p>Making openings and attaching fixings is simple and straightforward. The low weight of CLT panels makes them significantly easier to handle than concrete panels. Fixings and foundations are also made easier, which is of benefit when redeveloping existing buildings.<\/p>\n<p><em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/woodcampus.co.uk\/clt-handbook\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #000000; text-decoration: underline;\">See the Swedish Wood CLT handbook for more information.<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/em><\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;7px|||||&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; text_font=&#8221;Roboto Condensed||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#000000&#8243; text_font_size=&#8221;21px&#8221; text_line_height=&#8221;40px&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; header_2_font=&#8221;Rubik|700|||||||&#8221; header_2_font_size=&#8221;42px&#8221; header_2_line_height=&#8221;1.2em&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||2px||false|false&#8221; header_2_font_size_tablet=&#8221;&#8221; header_2_font_size_phone=&#8221;36px&#8221; header_2_font_size_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Volumetric timber frame<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]Three-dimensional building components, or modules, are built in the factory, brought to site and lifted into position.  These will include a combination of materials, timber or other, as overviewed in this section. It is not possible to completely finish a module in the factory, so some work will be required on-site.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/timberfiresafety.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Figure-1.7-Illustration-showing-volumetric-construction.png&#8221; title_text=&#8221;Figure 1.7 Illustration showing volumetric construction&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.20.0&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;14px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>Figure 14: Illustration showing volumetric construction<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.17.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font_size=&#8221;12px&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; global_colors_info=&#8221;{}&#8221;]<p>(Source: TRADA: Timber Frame Construction 5th Edition)<\/p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>About timber in constructionThis section covers the main types of timber construction, building occupancy and wood-based materials. 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